Afrika oltin mushugi sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Avtomatik taksonquti
| range_map = AfricanGoldenCat distribution.jpg
| range_map_caption = Afrika oltin mushugining tarqalish areali
| nomi = Afrika oltin mushugi<br/>
| tasvir = Caracal aurata 2.jpg
| izoh = 
| olam = [[Hayvonlar]]
| tip = [[Umurtqalilar]]
| sinf = [[Sut emizuvchilar]]
| turkum = [[Yirtqichlar]]
| oila = [[Mushuksimonlar]]
| urugʻ = 
| sarlavha = Xalqaro ilmiy nomi
| sarlavha_matn = ''Caracal aurata'' ([[Temminck]], 1827)
| sarlavha2 = [[Areal]]
}}'''Afrika oltin mushugi''' (''Caracal aurata'') [[Gʻarbiy Afrika|Gʻarbiy]] va [[Markaziy Afrika|Markaziy Afrikaning]] tropik oʻrmonlarida uchrovchi [[Endemiklar|endemik]] yovvoyi [[Mushuksimonlar|mushukdir]]. U oʻrmonlarning kesilishi va terisi uchun ovlanishi tufayli xavf ostida va IUCN [[Qizil kitob|Qizil kitobga kamyob tur roʻyxatiga kiritilgan]]. [[Qoraquloq|Karakal]] va [[Serval|servalning]] ham yaqin qarindoshi.<ref name="Johnson_al2006">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Johnson, W. E.|last2=Eizirik, E.|last3=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last4=Murphy, W. J.|last5=Antunes, A.|last6=Teeling, E.|last7=O’Brien, S. J.|title=The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment|journal=Science|volume=311|issue=5757|pages=73–77|doi=10.1126/science.1122277|pmid=16400146|year=2006|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866|bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J}}</ref> Ilgari u ''Profelis'' turkumiga mansub edi. Uning tanasi uzunligi 61-100 sm gacha dumining uzunligi 46 sm gacha yetadi.<ref name="WCoW">{{kitob manbasi|last=Sunquist, M.|year=2002|title=Wild Cats of the World|chapter=African golden cat|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246 246–251]|isbn=0-226-77999-8|url=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246}}</ref>

''Felis aurata'' nomini 1827-yilda [[London|Londondagi]] savdogardan qizil-jigarrang mushuk terisini sotib olgan Koenraad Jeykob Temmink tomonidan qoʻllagan edi.<ref>{{kitob manbasi|last=Temminck|first=C. J.|year=1827|title=Monographies de Mammalogie|location=Paris|publisher=G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne|chapter=Félis doré ''Felis aurata''|pages=120−121|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temm/page/120}}</ref> Temmink, shuningdek, Londondagi fermada yashagan shokolad jigarrang dogʻlari boʻlgan mushukning kulrang terisini tasvirlab berdi. U uni ''Felis celidogaster'' deb nomladi.<ref>{{kitob manbasi|last=Temminck|first=C. J.|year=1827|title=Monographies de Mammalogie|location=Paris|publisher=G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne|chapter=Félis a ventre tacheté ''Felis celidogaster''|pages=140−141|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temm/page/140}}</ref> 1838-yilda Jon Edvard Grey tomonidan taklif qilingan ''Felis neglecta'' [[Syerra-Leone|Syerra Leonedan]] kelgan jigarrang kulrang mushuk terisi edi.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Gray, J. E.|year=1838|title=On some new species of Quadrupeds and Shells|journal=Annals of Natural History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=27–30|url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof01lond/page/27|doi=10.1080/00222933809496608}}</ref> 1842-yilda Jorj Robert Uoterxaus tomonidan taklif qilingan ''Felis rutilus'' Syerra-Leonedan kelgan qizgʻish mushuk terisi edi.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Waterhouse, G. R.|year=1842|title=Felis rutilus|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|volume=X|issue=September|page=130|url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen41zool/page/n281}}</ref> 1906-yilda Richard Lydekker tomonidan taklif qilingan ''Felis chrysothrix cottoni'' Ituri yomgʻir oʻrmonidan toʻq kulrang mushuk terisi edi.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Lydekker, R.|year=1906|title=Description of two Mammals from the Ituri Forest|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|volume=1906|issue=December|pages=992−996|url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19064631052zool/page/992}}</ref> 1942-yilda Kongoning sharqiy qismidagi qora mushuk terisi ''Felis maka'' sifatida taklif qilingan.<ref name="VanMensch1969">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Van Mensch|first1=P. J. A.|last2=Van Bree|first2=P. J. H.|title=On the African golden cat, ''Profelis aurata'' (Temminck, 1827)|journal=Biologica Gabonica|date=1969|volume=V|issue=4|pages=235–269}}</ref>

1858-yilda [[Nikolay Seversov|Nikolay Severtzov]] [[Urugʻ (zoologiya)|umumiy nomlarni]] taklif qildi ''Profelis'' ''F. celidogaster'' bilan turlar va ''Chrysailurus'' ''F. neglecta'' bilan turlar turlari.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Severtzow, M. N.|year=1858|title=Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent|journal=Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée|volume=Série 2 X|pages=385–396|url=https://archive.org/stream/revueetmagasinde10soci#page/386/mode/2up}}</ref> 1917-yilda Reginald Innes Pokok Afrika oltin mushukini ham, Osiyo oltin mushukni ham ''Profelisga boʻysundirdi''.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Pocock|first1=R. I.|year=1917|title=The classification of the existing Felidae|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History|series=Series 8|volume=XX|issue=119|pages=329–350|url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof8201917lond/page/340|doi=10.1080/00222931709487018}}</ref> Bu tasnifni bir qancha keyingi mualliflar kuzatib bordilar.<ref name="Allen">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Allen|first1=G. M.|title=A checklist of African mammals|journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College|date=1939|volume=83|page=242|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2781971#page/248/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="VanMensch1969">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Van Mensch|first1=P. J. A.|last2=Van Bree|first2=P. J. H.|title=On the African golden cat, ''Profelis aurata'' (Temminck, 1827)|journal=Biologica Gabonica|date=1969|volume=V|issue=4|pages=235–269}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Hemmer|first1=H.|year=1978|title=The evolutionary systematics of living Felidae: Present status and current problems|journal=Carnivore|volume=1|issue=1|pages=71–79}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Groves|first1=C. P.|year=1982|title=Cranial and dental characteristics in the systematics of Old World Felidae|journal=Carnivore|volume=5|issue=2|pages=28–39}}</ref>

Mushuk namunalarning filogenetik tahlili shuni koʻrsatdiki, Afrika oltin mushugi [[Qoraquloq|karakal]] (''Caracal caracal'') bilan chambarchas bogʻliq. Bu ikki tur [[serval]] (''Leptailurus serval'') bilan birgalikda Felidaening sakkiz nasldan biri boʻlgan Karakal nasl-nasabini hosil qiladi. Bu nasl deyarli 8,5 million yil oldin rivojlangan.<ref name="johnson">{{jurnal manbasi|pmid=9071018|year=1997|last=Johnson|first1=W. E.|last2=O'Brien|first2=S. J.|title=Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes|volume=44|issue=Supplement 1|pages=S98–S116|journal=[[Journal of Molecular Evolution]]|doi=10.1007/PL00000060|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232587|bibcode=1997JMolE..44S..98J}}</ref><ref name="Johnson_al2006">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Johnson, W. E.|last2=Eizirik, E.|last3=Pecon-Slattery, J.|last4=Murphy, W. J.|last5=Antunes, A.|last6=Teeling, E.|last7=O’Brien, S. J.|title=The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment|journal=Science|volume=311|issue=5757|pages=73–77|doi=10.1126/science.1122277|pmid=16400146|year=2006|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866|bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J}}</ref> Ushbu yaqin munosabatlar tufayli Afrika oltin mushuki ''Karakal'' jinsiga kiritilgan.<ref name="werdelin">{{kitob manbasi|editor=Macdonald|last=Werdelin|first=L.|chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)|title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-923444-8|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142}}</ref>

Afrika oltin mushukining ikkita kichik turi 2017-yilda ajratilgan:<ref name="catsg">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Kitchener, A. C.|last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.|last3=Eizirik, E.|last4=Gentry, A.|last5=Werdelin, L.|last6=Wilting A.|last7=Yamaguchi, N.|last8=Abramov, A. V.|last9=Christiansen, P.|display-authors=3|year=2017|title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group|journal=Cat News|issue=Special Issue 11|pages=60−61|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref>

* ''C. a. aurata'' (Temminck, 1827) — [[Kongo (daryo)|Kongo daryosining]] sharqida
* ''C. a. celidogaster'' (Temminck, 1827) — Xoch daryosining gʻarbida

[[Fayl:Profelis_aurata_02_MWNH_254.jpg|thumb| Visbaden muzeyida Afrika oltin mushukining bosh suyagi]]
Afrikalik oltin mushugining moʻyna rangi [[kashtan]] qizil-jigarrang, kulrang-jigarrangdan tortib to quyuq loyqarangacha boʻladi. Dogʻlar xira kulrangdan qora ranggacha. Boshqalarida dogʻlar qorin va ichki oyoqlarda cheklangan. Uning pastki qismlari va koʻzlari, yonoqlari, iyagi va tomogʻi atrofidagi joylari ochroq rangda deyarli oq ranggacha. Uning dumi tepada quyuqroq boʻlib, ogʻir chiziqli, engil chiziqli yoki tekis, qora uchi bilan tugaydi. Uning diapazonining gʻarbiy qismlaridagi mushuklar sharqiy mintaqadagilarga qaraganda kuchliroq dogʻlarga ega. Ikki rang morflari, qizil va kulrang fazalar bir vaqtlar bir xil turlarning rang oʻzgarishini emas, balki alohida turlarni koʻrsatadi deb oʻylangan.<ref name="Guggisberg">{{kitob manbasi|last=Guggisberg|first=C. A. W.|year=1975|title=Wild Cats of the World|location=New York|publisher=Taplinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-8008-8324-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00gugg/page/72 72−74]|chapter=Golden Cat ''Profelis aurata'' (Temminck 1827)|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00gugg/page/72}}</ref> Kulrang terilarning oʻrta zonalarida pigmentli boʻlmagan tuklar bor, qizil terilarning sochlari esa intensiv qizil rangga ega. Melanistik terilarning sochlari butunlay qora rangga ega.<ref name="VanMensch1969">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Van Mensch|first1=P. J. A.|last2=Van Bree|first2=P. J. H.|title=On the African golden cat, ''Profelis aurata'' (Temminck, 1827)|journal=Biologica Gabonica|date=1969|volume=V|issue=4|pages=235–269}}</ref>

Afrikalik oltin mushuklarning terisini yelkalar oldida oʻziga xos jingalak moʻyna tizmasi mavjudligi bilan aniqlash mumkin, bu yerda tuklar yoʻnalishini oʻzgartiradi. Bu uy mushukidan ikki baravar katta. Uning yumaloq boshi tanasining oʻlchamiga nisbatan juda kichik. Bu ogʻir qurilgan mushuk, oyoqlari uzun, dumi nisbatan qisqa va panjalari katta. Tana uzunligi odatda 61-101 sm gacha oʻzgarib turadi. Quyruq uzunligi 16-46sm gacha va elkaning balandligi taxminan 38-55sm. Mushukning vazni 5,5-16 kg, erkaklar urgʻochilarga qaraganda kattaroqdir.<ref name="WCoW">{{kitob manbasi|last=Sunquist, M.|year=2002|title=Wild Cats of the World|chapter=African golden cat|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246 246–251]|isbn=0-226-77999-8|url=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246}}</ref>

Umuman olganda, afrikalik oltin mushuk karakalga oʻxshaydi, ammo quloqlari qisqaro, dumi uzun, yumaloq yuzi bor. Kichik, yumaloq quloqlari bor. Uning koʻz rangi och koʻkdan jigarranggacha.<ref>{{kitob manbasi|last=Macdonald|first=D. W.|title=The Princeton encyclopedia of mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse_x4p5|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=978-0-691-14069-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse_x4p5/page/655 655]|editor=D. W. Macdonald}}</ref>

Afrika oltin mushuk [[Senegal|Senegaldan]] [[Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi|Markaziy Afrika Respublikasiga]], [[Keniya|Keniyaga]] va janubiy [[Angola|Angolaning]] shimoliga qadar tarqalgan. Dengiz sathidan 3000 m gacha balandlikgacha boʻlgan tropik oʻrmonlarda yashaydi. Daryolarga yaqin boʻlgan zich, nam oʻrmonlarni afzal koʻradi, lekin bulutli oʻrmonlarda, bambuk oʻrmonlarida va baland boʻyli oʻrmonlarda yashaydi.<ref name="WCoW">{{kitob manbasi|last=Sunquist, M.|year=2002|title=Wild Cats of the World|chapter=African golden cat|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246 246–251]|isbn=0-226-77999-8|url=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246}}</ref>

Gvineyaning Yuqori Niger milliy bogʻida u 1996—1997-yillarda oʻtkazilgan qidiruv ishlarida aniqlangan.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Ziegler|first1=S.|last2=Nikolaus|first2=G.|last3=Hutterer|first3=R.|date=2002|title=High mammalian diversity in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger, Republic of Guinea|journal=Oryx|volume=36|issue=1|pages=73–80|doi=10.1017/S003060530200011X}}</ref>

Ugandaning Kibale milliy bogʻida 2008-yilda ''Uvariopsis'' oʻrmonzorida afrika oltin mushugi qayd etilgan.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Aronsen, G.P.|year=2010|title=New photographic evidence of the African golden cat (''Profelis aurata'' Temminck) at Mainaro, Kibale National Park, Uganda|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=48|issue=2|pages=541−545|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01117.x}}</ref> Gabonning Moukalaba-Doudou milliy bogʻida 2012-yilda oʻtkazilgan tadqiqotlar davomida oʻrmonli hududlarda qayd etilgan<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Nakashima, Y.|year=2015|title=Inventorying medium-and large-sized mammals in the African lowland rainforest using camera trapping|journal=Tropics|volume=23|issue=4|pages=151–164|doi=10.3759/tropics.23.151}}</ref> Afrika oltin mushuklari birinchi marta 2018-yilda Tanzaniyaning Minziro oʻrmon qoʻriqxonasida topilgan.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Greco, I.|last2=Rovero, F.|year=2021|title=The African golden cat ''Caracal aurata'' in Tanzania: first record and vulnerability assessment|journal=Oryx|volume=55|issue=2|pages=212–215|doi=10.1017/S003060532000040X}}</ref>

Oʻzining juda turlicha odatlari tufayli Afrika oltin mushuklarining xatti-harakatlari haqida kam narsa maʼlum. Ular yolgʻiz hayvonlar boʻlib, odatda krepuskulyar yoki tungi hayvonlardir, garchi ular oʻljaning mavjudligiga qarab kun davomida ov qilishlari ham kuzatilgan.<ref name="WCoW">{{kitob manbasi|last=Sunquist, M.|year=2002|title=Wild Cats of the World|chapter=African golden cat|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246 246–251]|isbn=0-226-77999-8|url=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246}}</ref>

Afrikalik oltin mushuklar daraxtga chiqishga qodir, lekin birinchi navbatda yerda ov qilishadi. Ular asosan daraxt giraksi, [[kemiruvchilar]] bilan oziqlanadi, shuningdek [[qushlar]], mayda [[maymunlar]], [[Dukirlar|duykerlar]], gigant oʻrmon choʻchqalarining bolalari va mayda [[Antilopalar|antilopalarni]] ovlaydi. Shuningdek, ular uy parrandalari va chorva mollarini ham ov qiloshadi.<ref name="WCoW">{{kitob manbasi|last=Sunquist, M.|year=2002|title=Wild Cats of the World|chapter=African golden cat|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246 246–251]|isbn=0-226-77999-8|url=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246}}</ref><ref name="Guggisberg">{{kitob manbasi|last=Guggisberg|first=C. A. W.|year=1975|title=Wild Cats of the World|location=New York|publisher=Taplinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-8008-8324-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00gugg/page/72 72−74]|chapter=Golden Cat ''Profelis aurata'' (Temminck 1827)|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00gugg/page/72}}</ref>

=== Koʻpaytirish ===
Afrika oltin mushugining reproduktiv odatlari haqidagi bilimlar asirlikda boʻlgan shaxslarga asoslangan. Ayol 75 kunlik homiladorlik davridan keyin bir yoki ikkita mushukchani tugʻadi. Mushukchalarning vazni 180-230 g. Ularning koʻzlari tugʻilgandan keyin bir hafta ichida ochiladi va ular 6-8 haftada sutdan ajratiladi. Ular boshqa kichik mushuk turlariga nisbatan tez oʻsadi va rivojlanadi. Bir kishi tugʻilgandan keyin 16 kun ichida 40 sm uzunlikdagi devorni kattalashtirgani xabar qilingan, bu erta yoshdan yuqori darajadagi jismoniy chaqqonlikni aks ettiradi. Ayollar 11 oylikda, erkaklar esa 18 oylikda jinsiy etuklikka erishadilar. Tutqunlikda ular 12 yilgacha yashaydilar. Yovvoyi tabiatda ularning umri nomaʼlum.<ref name="WCoW">{{kitob manbasi|last=Sunquist, M.|year=2002|title=Wild Cats of the World|chapter=African golden cat|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246 246–251]|isbn=0-226-77999-8|url=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/246}}</ref>
[[Fayl:Profelis_aurata_(African_golden_cat)_fur_skins.jpg|right|thumb| Afrika oltin mushuk terisi]]
Afrika oltin mushugi tropik oʻrmonlarini kesish, [[kon sanoati]] va yoʻl qurilishi bilan birga yogʻli palma plantatsiyalariga aylantirish va shu bilan uning asosiy yashash joylarini yoʻq qilish bilan tahdid qilmoqda. Bu, ayniqsa, Kongo havzasida bush goʻshti ovlanishi bilan tahdid qilinmoqda. 2018-yilning may oyida Angolaning Uíge provinsiyasida oʻlik afrikalik tilla mushuk goʻsht sifatida taklif qilingan.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=De Beer, E.|last2=Nicolau, J.R.|last3=Hunter, L.T.|year=2021|title=First record with physical evidence of the African golden cat from Angola|journal=Cat News|issue=74|pages=11–12|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luke-Hunter-4/publication/357280933}}</ref>

Afrika oltin mushugi CITES II ilovasida keltirilgan. Afrika oltin mushuklarini ovlash Angola, Benin, Burkina-Faso, Kongo, Kot-d’Ivuar, [[Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi]], Gana, Keniya, Liberiya, Nigeriya, Ruanda va Syerra-Leoneda taqiqlangan. Gabon, Liberiya va Togoda nazorat qilingan holda ovlanadi.<ref>Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (1996). </ref>

== Manbalar ==
{{Manbalar}}

[[Turkum:Mushuksimonlar]]
[[Turkum:Keniya sutemizuvchilari]]
[[Turkum:G‘arbiy Afrika sutemizuvchilari]]
[[Turkum:Karakal]]
[[Turkum:Sutemizuvchilar]]
[[Turkum:Yirtqichlar]]