Leon M. Lederman sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''Leon Maks Lederman''' (1922-yil 15-iyul - 2018-yil 3-oktyabr) – [[Neytrino|neytrinolar]] boʻyicha tadqiqotlar uchun Melvin Shvarts va Jek Shtaynberger bilan birga 1988 [[Fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti|-yilda fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofotiga sazovor]] boʻlgan amerikalik eksperimental fizik edi. U 1982-yilda Martin Lyuis Perl bilan birga [[Kvark|kvarklar]] va [[Lepton|leptonlar]] boʻyicha tadqiqotlar uchun fizika boʻyicha Boʻri mukofotiga sazovor boʻlgan. Lederman [[Batavia (Illinois)|Illinoys shtatining Batavia shahridagi]] Fermi milliy tezlatgich laboratoriyasining (Fermilab) faxriy direktori edi. U 1986-yilda Illinoys shtatining Aurora shahrida Illinoys [[matematika]] va fanlar akademiyasiga asos solgan, u yerda 2012-yildan 2018-yilda vafotigacha faxriy rezident olim boʻlgan<ref name="Nobel_biography">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Lederman|first1=Leon M.|year=1988|editor2-last=Ekspång|editor2-first=Gösta|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-facts.html|journal=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990|access-date=22-may 2012-yil|editor1-first=Tore|editor1-last=Frängsmyr}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://history.fnal.gov/GoldenBooks/gb_lmlsec.html|sarlavha=Fermilab History and Archives Project–Golden Books – An Eclectic Reader on Leon M. Lederman|sana=2012|ish=history.fnal.gov|nashriyot=[[Fermilab]]|qaralgan sana=1-oktyabr 2016-yil|arxivsana=10-noyabr 2016-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110111048/http://history.fnal.gov/GoldenBooks/gb_lmlsec.html}}</ref>.

Muvaffaqiyatli ilmiy yozuvchi, u 1993-yilda nashr etilgan ''"Xudo zarrasi'' " kitobi bilan mashhur boʻlib, [[Higgs bozoni|Xiggs bozoni]] atamasining mashhurligini aniqladi.

== Yoshligi ==
Lederman [[New York (shahar)|Nyu-York shahrida]] (Nyu-York) Morris va Minna (Rozenberg) Lederman oilasida tugʻilgan<ref name="HoddesonKolb2009">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Lillian Hoddeson|archivedate=Catherine Westfall|title=Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXUbesKLjBoC&pg=PA229|date=1 August 2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-34625-0|pages=229}}</ref>. Uning ota-onasi [[Kiyev|Kiev]] va [[Odessa|Odessadan]] kelgan ukrain-yahudiy muhojirlar edi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/research-profile/laureate-lederman|sarlavha=Research Profile - Leon Max Lederman|ish=www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org}}</ref>. Lederman Janubiy Bronksdagi Jeyms Monro oʻrta maktabini tugatgan<ref name="Nobelprize">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-bio.html|sarlavha=Leon M. Lederman – Biographical|muallif=Lederman|ism=Leon|sana=1991|ish=Nobelprize.org|qaralgan sana=2-oktyabr 2016-yil}}</ref> va 1943-yilda Nyu-York shahar kollejida [[Bakalavr|bakalavr darajasini]] olgan<ref name="Army">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Leon Lederman Ph.D. Biography and Interview|ish=www.achievement.org|nashriyot=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/}}</ref>.

giU Ikkinchi [[Ikkinchi Jahon urushi|jahon urushi]] paytida [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari]] armiyasiga<ref name="Army"/> qoʻshilgan va xizmatdan keyin fizik boʻlishni niyat qilgan<ref name="autogenerated5"/>. 1946-yilda ishdan boʻshagach, u [[Columbia universiteti|Kolumbiya universitetining]] aspiranturasiga oʻqishga kirdi va 1951-yilda doktorlik dissertatsiyasini oldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://physics.columbia.edu/about-us/short-history-columbia-physics|sarlavha=A Short History of Columbia Physics|yil=2016|ish=Department of Physics|nashriyot=Columbia University in the City of New York|qaralgan sana=2-oktyabr 2016-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104092309/http://physics.columbia.edu/about-us/short-history-columbia-physics|arxivsana=4 November 2016}}</ref>.

== Akademik martabasi ==
Lederman Kolumbiya universitetida oʻqituvchi boʻldi va u 1958-yilda Yevgeniy Xiggins fizika professori sifatida toʻliq professor unvoniga koʻtarildi<ref name="autogenerated5"/> 1960-yilda Kolumbiyadan taʼtil olib, Jenevada [[CERN|CERNda]] Ford jamgʻarmasi aʼzosi sifatida vaqt oʻtkazdi.  U 1979-yilda Fermilab direktori boʻlish uchun Kolumbiyadan uzaytirilgan taʼtil oldi<ref name="ferm">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://history.fnal.gov/autobiography.html|sarlavha=Fermilab History and Archives - Leon M. Lederman|nashriyot=FNAL.gov|qaralgan sana=3-oktyabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=7-yanvar 2017-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107101630/http://history.fnal.gov/autobiography.html}}</ref>.. 1989-yilda Kolumbiyadan isteʼfoga chiqqan (va Fermilabdan nafaqaga chiqqan), keyin u [[Chicago universiteti|Chikago universitetida]] qisqa vaqt dars bergan<ref name="UCO">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/leon-lederman-nobel-winning-physicist-and-former-fermilab-director-1922-2018|sarlavha=Leon Lederman, Nobel-winning physicist and 'visionary' educator, 1922-2018|nashriyot=[[University of Chicago]]|sana=3-oktyabr 2018-yil}}</ref>. Keyin u Illinoys texnologiya institutining fizika boʻlimiga koʻchib oʻtdi va u yerda Pritsker fan professori boʻlib ishladi<ref name="UCO" /> 1992-yilda Lederman Amerika fanni rivojlantirish assotsiatsiyasi prezidenti lavozimida ishlagan<ref name="AIP">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://history.aip.org/phn/11605003.html|sarlavha=Leon M. Lederman|nashriyot=AIP.org|qaralgan sana=3-oktyabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=2017-12-22|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220210/https://history.aip.org/phn/11605003.html}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=AAAS Presidents|url=https://www.aaas.org/leadership/presidents}}</ref>..

Nobel mukofotiga sazovor boʻlgan professor uchun kam uchraydigan Lederman Chikago universitetida fizika boʻlmagan mutaxassisliklarga fizikadan dars berishni oʻz zimmasiga oldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1988/lederman/26243-interview-transcript-1988-3/|sarlavha=Physics for Poets excerpt in interview about The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988|ish=NobelPrize.org|til=inglizcha|qaralgan sana=11-fevral 2020-yil}}</ref>.

Lederman Atom olimlari byulleteni homiylar kengashining prezidenti boʻlib ishlagan va vafot etganida faxriy rais edi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://thebulletin.org/about-us/board-of-sponsors-2/|sarlavha=Biography: Leon M. Lederman|nashriyot=The Bulletin.org|qaralgan sana=3-oktyabr 2018-yil}}</ref>.  U, shuningdek, 1989-yildan 1992-yilgacha Fan va jamoatchilik jamiyati nomi bilan tanilgan Science Service vasiylar kengashida ishlagan va JASON mudofaa boʻyicha maslahat guruhi aʼzosi boʻlgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Horgan |first=John |date=16-aprel 2006-yil |title=Rent-a-Genius |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/books/review/16horgan.html}}</ref>. Lederman ham " Birinchi fizika " harakatining asosiy tarafdorlaridan biri edi<ref name="First" /> „Oʻng tarafdagi fan“ va „<nowiki/>[[Biologiya]] oxirgi“ nomi bilan ham tanilgan ushbu harakat hozirgi oʻrta maktab fanlari oʻquv dasturini fizika kimyo va biologiyadan oldinroq boʻlishi uchun oʻzgartirishga intiladi<ref name="First">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Popkin|first1=Gabriel|date=2009-yil iyul|title="Physics First" Battles for Acceptance|url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200907/physicsfirst.cfm|journal=APS News|volume=18|issue=7|access-date=3-oktyabr 2016-yil}}</ref>..

Lederman “ Science Debate 2008 ”ning dastlabki tarafdori boʻlgan, bu tashabbus oʻsha paytdagi prezidentlikka nomzodlar [[Barack Obama|Barak Obama]] va [[John McCain|Jon Makkeynni]] mamlakatning ilm-fan siyosatidagi eng muhim muammolarini muhokama qilishga undagan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://thesciencenetwork.org/media/videos/2/Transcript.pdf|sarlavha=Leon Lederman Interview|nashriyot=The Science Network|qaralgan sana=3-oktyabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=2022-08-05|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805103014/http://thesciencenetwork.org/media/videos/2/Transcript.pdf}}</ref>. 2010-yil oktyabr oyida Lederman AQSh Fan va muhandislik festivalining Laureat dasturida ishtirok etdi, unda oʻrta va oʻrta maktab oʻquvchilari jigarrang sumkada tushlik paytida Nobel mukofoti sovrindori olim bilan norasmiy suhbatda boʻlishdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.usasciencefestival.org/2010festival/schoolprograms/lunchwithalaureate|sarlavha=Lunch with a Laureate|ish=USA Science & Engineering Festival|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230053110/http://www.usasciencefestival.org/2010festival/schoolprograms/lunchwithalaureate|arxivsana=30 December 2010|qaralgan sana=1-oktyabr 2016-yil}}</ref>. Lederman, shuningdek, AQSh fan va muhandislik festivalining maslahat kengashi aʼzosi edi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors|sarlavha=USA Science & Engineering Festival–Advisors|sana=2016|ish=USA Science & Engineering Festival|qaralgan sana=1-oktyabr 2016-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002042604/https://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors|arxivsana=2 October 2016}}</ref>.

== Akademik ishi ==
1956-yilda Lederman zaif oʻzaro taʼsirlarda paritet buzilishi ustida ishladi. RL Garwin, Leon Lederman va R. Weinrich mavjud siklotron tajribasini oʻzgartirdilar va ular darhol paritet buzilishini tasdiqladilar<ref>
{{jurnal manbasi|last=Garwin|first1=R. L.|last2=Lederman|first2=L. M.|last3=Weinrich|first3=M.|year=1957|title=Observations of the Failure of Conservation of Parity and Charge Conjugation in Meson Decays: The Magnetic Moment of the Free Muon|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=105|issue=4|pages=1415–1417|bibcode=1957PhRv..105.1415G|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.105.1415}}</ref>. Ular oʻz natijalarini eʼlon qilishni Vu guruhi tayyor boʻlgunga qadar kechiktirdi va ikkita maqola bir xil fizika jurnalida orqama-ket paydo boʻldi. Uning yutuqlari orasida 1962-yilda muon-neytrino va 1977-yilda pastki kvarkning topilgani bor<ref name="nyto"/> Bular uning eng yaxshi zarralar fiziklari orasida obroʻsini oshirishga yordam berdi<ref name="nyto" />

1977-yilda Lederman boshchiligidagi E288 tajriba guruhi fiziklar guruhi Fermilab zarracha tezlatgichi tomonidan taxminan 6,0 GeV massali zarracha ishlab chiqarilayotganini eʼlon qildi<ref name="nyto"/> Qoʻshimcha maʼlumotlarni olgandan soʻng, guruh bu zarrachaning aslida mavjud emasligini aniqladi va „kashfiyot“ asl ism va Ledermanning ismiga oʻxshab " Oops-Leon " deb nomlandi<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|year=1998|title=The Discovery of the ''b'' Quark at Fermilab in 1977: The Experiment Coordinator's Story|url=http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/1997/conf/Conf-97-432-E.pdf|journal=[[AIP Conference Proceedings]]|volume=424|pages=29–42|doi=10.1063/1.55114|bibcode=1998AIPC..424...29Y|last=J. Yoh|author1-link=John Yoh}}</ref>...

Fermilab direktori sifatida Lederman 1983-yilda maʼqullangan Superoʻtkazuvchi Super Kollayder loyihasining taniqli tarafdori<ref name="SSC LA Times">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=ASCHENBACH |first=JOY |date=5-dekabr 1993-yil |title=No Resurrection in Sight for Moribund Super Collider : Science: Global financial partnerships could be the only way to salvage such a project. But some feel that Congress delivered a fatal blow. |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-05/news/mn-64100_1_superconducting-super-collider |access-date=16-yanvar 2013-yil |quote=Disappointed American physicists are anxiously searching for a way to salvage some science from the ill-fated superconducting super collider... "We have to keep the momentum and optimism and start thinking about international collaboration, " said Leon M. Lederman, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist who was the architect of the super collider plan}}</ref><ref name="HoddesonKolb2003">{{jurnal manbasi|title=Vision to reality: From Robert R. Wilson's frontier to Leon M. Lederman's Fermilab|journal=Physics in Perspective|volume=5|issue=1|pages=67–86|arxiv=1110.0486|last=Lillian Hoddeson|last2=Adrienne Kolb|quote=Lederman also planned what he saw as Fermilab's next machine, the Superconducting SuperCollider (SSC)|year=2011|doi=10.1007/s000160300003|bibcode=2003PhP.....5...67H}}</ref> edi va butun umri davomida asosiy tarafdori va himoyachisi boʻlgan<ref name="Illinois Issues 1987">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Abbott |first=Charles |date=20-iyun 1987-yil |title=Super competition for superconducting super collider |page=18 |work=Illinois Issues |url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/1987/ii8706tc.html |access-date=1-oktyabr 2016-yil |quote=Lederman, who considers himself an unofficial propagandist for the super collider, said the SSC could reverse the physics brain drain in which bright young physicists have left America to work in Europe and elsewhere.}}</ref><ref name="Caltech">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Kevles|first1=Dan|journal=California Institute of Technology "Engineering & Science"|volume=58 no. 2|issue=Winter 1995|pages=16–25|title=Good-bye to the SSC|url=http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/568/1/ES58.2.1995.pdf|access-date=16 January 2013|quote=Lederman, one of the principal spokesmen for the SSC, was an accomplished high-energy experimentalist who had made Nobel Prize-winning contributions to the development of the Standard Model during the 1960s (although the prize itself did not come until 1988). He was a fixture at congressional hearings on the collider, an unbridled advocate of its merits []|archivedate=11-may 2013-yil|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511120537/http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/568/1/ES58.2.1995.pdf}}</ref>. Shuningdek, Fermilabda u oʻnlab yillar davomida dunyodagi eng yuqori energiyali zarrachalar toʻqnashuvi boʻlgan [[Tevatron]] qurilishini boshqargan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://mag.uchicago.edu/university-news/university-obituaries-35|sarlavha=University obituaries|ish=The University of Chicago Magazine|til=inglizcha|qaralgan sana=11-fevral 2020-yil}}</ref>. Keyinchalik Lederman 1993-yilda oʻzining „Xudo zarrasi“ ilmiy-ommabop kitobini yozdi '': Agar koinot javob boʻlsa, savol nima?'' - loyihaning soʻnggi yillari va 1990-yillardagi oʻzgaruvchan siyosiy iqlim kontekstida - bunday loyihaning ahamiyati haqida xabardorlikni oshirishga intildi<ref name="Calder 2005">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Calder|first=Nigel|title=Magic Universe:A Grand Tour of Modern Science|year=2005|pages=369–370|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4NfZ9FDcc8C&q=title+of+a+book&pg=PA370|quote=The possibility that the next big machine would create the Higgs became a carrot to dangle in front of funding agencies and politicians. A prominent American physicist, Leon lederman, advertised the Higgs as The God Particle in the title of a book published in 1993...Lederman was involved in a campaign to persuade the US government to continue funding the Superconducting Super Collider... the ink was not dry on Lederman's book before the US Congress decided to write off the billions of dollars already spent|isbn=9780191622359}}</ref>. Borgan sari oʻsib borayotgan loyiha 2 milliard dollarga yaqin xarajatlardan keyin oʻsha yili toʻxtatildi<ref name="SSC LA Times" /> ''"Xudo zarralari'' " asarida u shunday yozgan: „Atomizm tarixi reduksionizmdir - tabiatning barcha operatsiyalarini oz sonli ibtidoiy ob'ektlarni boshqaradigan oz sonli qonunlarga qisqartirishga intilish“ va shu bilan birga [[Higgs bozoni|Xiggs bozonining]] ahamiyatini taʼkidladi<ref name="autogenerated5">{{Kitob manbasi|title=The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question|url=https://archive.org/details/godparticleifthe00lede|last=Lederman|first=Leon|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1993|isbn=9780618711680}}</ref>.. 

1988-yilda Lederman Melvin Shvarts va Jek Shtaynberger bilan birgalikda „neytrino nurlanish usuli va myuon neytrinosini kashf qilish orqali leptonlarning dublet tuzilishini namoyish etgani uchun“ [[Fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti|fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofotiga sazovor boʻldi]] <ref name="Nobel_biography"/> Lederman shuningdek, Milliy fan medali (1965), fizika boʻyicha Elliott Kresson medali (1976), fizika boʻyicha Boʻri mukofoti (1982) va [[Enrico Fermi|Enriko Fermi]] mukofoti (1992) bilan taqdirlangan<ref name="nyto">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Johnson |first=George |date=3-oktyabr 2018-yil |title=Leon Lederman, 96, Explorer (and Explainer) of the Subatomic World, Dies |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/03/science/leon-lederman-died-particle-accelerators.html}}</ref>.. 1995-yilda u Chikago tarix muzeyi ilmiy tibbiyot va texnologiya sohasidagi farqi uchun „Tarix yaratish mukofoti“ ni oldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.chicagohistory.org/aboutus/from-the-president/MHA_Recipient_List_19952015.pdf|sarlavha=Making History Awards, 1995–2015 Honorees|sana=2015|ish=Chicago History Museum|qaralgan sana=4-oktyabr 2016-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624012521/http://www.chicagohistory.org/aboutus/from-the-president/MHA_Recipient_List_19952015.pdf|arxivsana=24 June 2016}}</ref>.

== Shaxsiy hayoti ==
[[Fayl:Leon_M._Lederman.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Leon_M._Lederman.jpg/200px-Leon_M._Lederman.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Lederman 2007-yil may oyida]]
Ledermanning kollej yillarida eng yaxshi doʻsti Martin J. Klein uni „koʻp pivo ustida uzoq oqshom davomida fizikaning ulugʻvorligiga“ ishontirdi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Hevesi |first=Dennis |date=1-aprel 2009-yil |title=Martin J. Klein, Historian of Physics, Dies at 84 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/nyregion/02klein.html |access-date=2-oktyabr 2016-yil |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>. U fizika jamoatchiligida oʻzining hazil tuygʻusi bilan mashhur edi<ref name="autogenerated5"/> {{Rp|17}}2008-yil 26-avgustda Lederman AQShning yirik shaharlaridan birining koʻchasida ScienCentral nomli ilmiy tashkilot tomonidan oʻtkinchilarning savollariga javob berayotgan video tasvirga olingan<ref name="street">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2008/08/26/street-corner-science-with-leon-lederman|sarlavha=Street Corner Science with Leon Lederman|muallif=Carroll|ism=Sean|sana=26-avgust 2008-yil|ish=[[Discover (jurnal)|Discover]]|qaralgan sana=5-avgust 2022-yil|arxivsana=15-aprel 2012-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415101446/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2008/08/26/street-corner-science-with-leon-lederman/}}</ref>.. “Kuchli kuch nima?” kabi savollarga javob berdi. va „Katta portlashdan oldin nima boʻlgan?“<ref name="street" />

Lederman was an [[Ateizm|atheist]]<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Universe on a T-Shirt: The Quest for the Theory of Everything|date=2005|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=9781559707336|page=195|last=Dan Falk|chapter=What About God?|quote="Physics isn't a religion. If it were, we'd have a much easier time raising money." - Leon Lederman}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://rationalisthumans.blogspot.com/2012/07/its-atheist-particle-actually.html|sarlavha=It's the Atheist Particle, actually|muallif=Gogineni|ism=Babu|sana=10-iyul 2012-yil|ish=Rationalist Humans|nashriyot=Postnoon News|qaralgan sana=2-oktyabr 2016-yil|iqtibos=Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term, and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!}}</ref>.. He had three children with his first wife, Florence Gordon, and toward the end of his life lived with his second wife, Ellen (Carr), in [[Driggs (Idaho)|Driggs]], [[Aydaho|Idaho]]<ref name="Nobelprize"/><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://411.info/people/Leon-Lederman-Driggs-ID-132837548|sarlavha=Leon Lederman in Driggs, ID|sana=2-oktyabr 2016-yil|ish=411|qaralgan sana=2-oktyabr 2012-yil|arxivsana=2022-02-26|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226082748/https://411.info/people/Leon-Lederman-Driggs-ID-132837548}}</ref>.

Lederman 2011-yilda xotirani yoʻqotishdan aziyat cheka boshladi va tibbiy toʻlovlar bilan kurashgach, 2015-yilda xarajatlarni qoplash uchun Nobel medalini 765 000 dollarga sotishga majbur boʻldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.vox.com/health-care/2018/10/4/17936626/leon-lederman-nobel-prize-medical-bills|sarlavha=A Nobel Prize-winning physicist sold his medal for $765,000 to pay medical bills|muallif=Kliff|ism=Sarah|sana=4-oktyabr 2018-yil|ish=Vox|qaralgan sana=18-aprel 2019-yil}}</ref> U 2018-yil 3-oktyabrda [[Rexburg (Idaho)|Aydaxo shtatining Reksburg shahridagi]] tibbiy muassasada 96 yoshida demensiyadan asoratlangan holda vafot etdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.imsa.edu/imsa-announces-passing-of-founder-dr-leon-lederman/|sarlavha=IMSA Announces Passing of Founder, Dr. Leon Lederman|ish=Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy|qaralgan sana=3-oktyabr 2018-yil|sana=3-oktyabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=2023-06-08|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608175333/https://www.imsa.edu/imsa-announces-passing-of-founder-dr-leon-lederman/}}</ref><ref name="nyto"/>

*

== Nashrlari ==

* ''Xudo zarrasi: Agar koinot javob boʻlsa, savol nima?'' muallif: Leon M. Lederman, Dik Teresi ({{ISBN|0-385-31211-3}})
* ''Kvarklardan Kosmosgacha'' Leon Lederman va Devid N. Shramm ({{ISBN|0-7167-6012-6}})
* ''Buyuk Amerika olimlarining portretlari'' Leon M. Lederman va boshqalar. ({{ISBN|1-57392-932-8}})
* ''Simmetriya va goʻzal olam'' Leon M. Lederman va Kristofer T. Xill ({{ISBN|1-59102-242-8}})
* Leon Ledermanning „Atom ichida nimani topamiz“ inshosi, u ''Newsweek'' uchun yozgan, 2008-yil 15-sentyabr<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.newsweek.com/large-hadron-collider-may-explain-atoms-mysteries-88965|sarlavha=Large Hadron Collider May Explain Atom's Mysteries|sana=5-sentabr 2008-yil|ish=Newsweek|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316164636/http://www.newsweek.com/id/157516|arxivsana=16 March 2010|qaralgan sana=4-oktyabr 2016-yil}}</ref>
* ''Shoirlar uchun kvant fizikasi'' Leon M. Lederman va Kristofer T. Xill ({{ISBN|978-1616142339}})
* Leon M. Lederman va Kristofer T. Xill '', Xudo zarrasidan tashqarida'' ({{ISBN|978-1616148010}})<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/228983/beyond-the-god-particle-by-leon-m-lederman-and-christopher-t-hill/9781616148010/|title=Beyond the God Particle|last=Lederman|first=Leon M.|date=2013-yil oktyabr|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=9781616148010|accessdate=26-fevral 2019-yil}}</ref>

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

== Havolalar ==

* [http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/the-science-studio/robert Ta'lim, siyosat, Eynshteyn va joziba] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205445/http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/the-science-studio/robert |date=2014-02-01 }} ''The Science Network'' Leon Lederman bilan suhbat
* [http://ed.fnal.gov/samplers/hsphys/people/lederman.html Fermilabning Leon M. Lederman veb-sahifasi] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429085220/https://ed.fnal.gov/samplers/hsphys/people/lederman.html |date=2021-04-29 }}
* Leon M. Lederman </img>
* [http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=411 Nobel fondidan Lederman bilan video intervyu]
* [http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/leon_max_lederman.html Leon Maks Lederman uchun fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlarining xronologiyasi]
* [http://ed.fnal.gov/lml/Leon_life.html Leon Ledermanning ''Leon tarixi'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171121110032/http://www.honeywellscience.com/ Honeywell - Nobel interaktiv studiyasi]
* 1976-yilda [[Franklin instituti|Franklin institutining]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103150/http://www.fi.edu/winners/1976/lederman_leon.faw?winner_id=3329 Cresson medali sohibi]
* 2019-yil aprel oyida APS da [http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/APR19/Session/J03 Leon Ledermanni sharaflash]
* {{YouTube|hTPChimlT_o|The Singing Janitor - Leon Lederman}} 
* Leon M. Lederman INSPIRE   da</img>
* Fermilabda [http://history.fnal.gov/findingaids/Lederman_ibatf2015001.html Leon M. Ledermanga yordam] izlash
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lederman, Leon}}
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