Nupedia sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Vebsayt bilgiqutisi|nomi=Nupedia|logo=[[Tasvir:Nupedia.svg|200px]]|screenshot=[[Fayl:Nupedia 20030808 screenshot.png|220px]]|caption=Nupedia sahifasidan skrinshot|url=[http://nupedia.com/ nupedia.com]|commercial=Yoʻq|turi=Onlayn ensiklopediya|til=[[Ingliz tili]]<br>[[Nemis tili]]<br>[[Ispan tili]]<br>[[Fransuz tili]]<br>[[Italyan tili]]|registration=majburiy emas|egasi=[[Bomis]] (rasmiy shaklda)|launch date=9-mart 2000|shiori={{lang-en|the open content encyclopedia}}<br />{{lang-en|the free encyclopedia}}|author=[[Jimmy Wales]]<br />[[Larry Sanger]]|current_status=2003-yil sentyabr oyida faoliyatini toʻxtatgan. Uning oʻrniga [[Wikipediya]] rivojlantirilgan}}

'''Nupedia''' — ingliz tilida yaratilgan [[onlayn ensiklopediya]]. Nupedia maqolalari mavzu boʻyicha tegishli tajribaga ega boʻlgan koʻngilli tadqiqotchilar tomonidan yozib toʻldirilgan. Nupediada maqolalar nashr etilishidan oldin ekspert muharrirlar tomonidan koʻrib chiqiladi va bepul kontent sifatida litsenziyalanadi. Nupediaga [[Jimmy Wales]] va [[Larry Sanger]] asos solishgan. Nupedia 1999-yil oktyabr oyidan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://whois.domaintools.com/nupedia.com|sarlavha=Nupedia.com WHOIS, DNS, & DomainTools|ish=[[WHOIS]]|sana=2016|kirish sanasi=2016-03-06|arxivsana=2017-07-24|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724095416/http://whois.domaintools.com/nupedia.com}}</ref><ref name="hive">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/09/the-hive/305118/?single_page=true|sarlavha=The Hive|muallif=Poe|ism=Marshall|nashriyot=[[The Atlantic]]|sana=September 2006|kirish sanasi=January 1, 2007|arxivsana=October 26, 2012|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026045223/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/09/the-hive/305118/?single_page=true}}</ref> 2003-yil sentyabr oyigacha ishlagan. Bugungi kunda Nupedia [[Vikipediya|Vikipediyaning]] salafi sifatida tanilgan. Ammo Nupedia [[wiki]] asosidagi yangilanishlardan farqli, maqolalarni joylashtirishdan oldin joylashtirilayotgan maqolalarni nazorat qilish uchun yetti bosqichli tasdiqlash jarayoniga ega edi. Nupedia qoʻmita tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan boʻlib, ekspertlar qoidalarni oldindan belgilab qoʻyishgan edi. Shuning uchun dastlabki yili Nupediaga atigi 21 ta maqola joylangan edi. Vikipediyada esa dastlabki oyda 200 ta maqola, birinchi yili esa 18 000 ta maqola joylashtirilgan<ref name="SangerMemoir">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Sanger |first=Larry |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |work=Slashdot |url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=May 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009}}</ref>.

Vikipediyadan farqli oʻlaroq, Nupedia [[wiki]] emas edi. Buning oʻrniga Nupedia oʻz maqolalarini professional ensiklopediyalar bilan taqqoslanadigan darajada sifatli qilish uchun moʻljallangan keng qamrovli [[ekspertiza]] jarayoni bilan ajralib turardi. Nupedia olimlarni koʻngillilar tarkibiga jalb qilishni xohlagan<ref name="thewikipediarevolution38">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Lih|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Lih|title=[[The Wikipedia Revolution|The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia]]|date=2009|publisher=Aurum|location=London|isbn=9781845134730|oclc=280430641|page=[https://archive.org/details/wikipediarevolut0000liha_o1s8/page/38 38]|quote=His academic roots compelled Sanger to insist on one rigid requirement for his editors: a pedigree. "We wish editors to be true experts in their fields and (with a few exceptions) possess Ph.Ds." read the Nupedia policy.}}</ref>. Nupedia oʻz faoliyatini toʻxtatishidan oldin 24 ta maqola chop etish uchun tasdiqlangan edi. Shuningdek, yana 150 ta maqola koʻrib chiqish, tekshirish jarayonida boʻlgan<ref name="elisecraig">Craig 2013, p. 84</ref><ref name="ayers">Ayers 2008</ref><ref name="kensmyers">Myers 2006, p. 163</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2017-06-13 |title=When Wikipedia was young: the early years |language=en-US |work=VatorNews |url=http://vator.tv/news/2017-06-13-when-wikipedia-was-young-the-early-years |url-status=live |access-date=2018-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226112427/https://vator.tv/news/2017-06-13-when-wikipedia-was-young-the-early-years |archive-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>. Nupedia faoliyatini toʻxtatgandan soʻng, Wales yangi Vikipediyada maqolalarni joylashtirish oson boʻlishini xohladi. Sanger esa Nupedia<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> tomonidan qoʻllaniladigan tamoyillarni afzal koʻrdi va keyinchalik 2006-yilda Vikipediyaga ekspert tomonidan koʻrib chiqilgan alternativa sifatida „Citizendium“ga asos soldi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia |language=en |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226112426/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia/ |archive-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>.

2008-yil iyun oyida CNET Nupediani Internet tarixida eng kam foydalanilgan web saytlar roʻyxatiga kiritdi va Nupediaga maqola joylashtirishdagi juda qattiq nazorat va tekshiruvlarni taʼkidladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/the-greatest-defunct-web-sites-and-dotcom-disasters/|sarlavha=The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters|nashriyot=CNET UK|ism=Nate|muallif=Lanxon|sana=June 5, 2008|kirish sanasi=July 16, 2019|arxivsana=August 28, 2019|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828223335/https://www.cnet.com/news/the-greatest-defunct-web-sites-and-dotcom-disasters/}}</ref>.

== Tarixi ==
[[Fayl:Nupedia_logos.png|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nupedia_logos.png/220px-Nupedia_logos.png|thumb| Nupedia tomonidan ishlatiladigan logotiplar. Birinchi logotip 2000-yilning martidan avgustigacha, ikkinchisi 2000-yil avgustidan 2001-yil fevraligacha, uchinchisi 2001-yil fevralidan 2003-yil sentyabrigacha ishlatilgan.]]
1999-yil oktyabr oyida<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://whois.domaintools.com/nupedia.com|sarlavha=NuPedia.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info - DomainTools|ish=[[WHOIS]]|kirish sanasi=2016-07-06|arxivsana=2017-07-24|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724095416/http://whois.domaintools.com/nupedia.com}}</ref> Jimmy Wales koʻngillilar tomonidan tashkil etiladigan onlayn ensiklopediya haqida oʻylay boshladi va uni tashkil qilishga kirishdi. 2000-yil yanvar oyida onlayn ensiklopediyaning rivojlanishini nazorat qilish uchun Larry Sangerni yolladi<ref name="hive"/>. Jimmy Walesning yangi loyihasi 2000-yil 9-martda rasman internetga kirdi<ref name="Liane Gouthro">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Gouthro |first=Liane |date=10 March 2000 |title=Building the world's biggest encyclopedia |work=[[PC World]] |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,15676-c,techindustrytrends/article.html |url-status=dead |access-date=19 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20090719124132/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,15676-c,techindustrytrends/article.html |archive-date=July 19, 2009}}</ref>. Yang loyiha doirasida 2000-yilning noyabr oyiga kelib, faqat ikkita sifatli maqola chop etildi<ref name="idg">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Frauenfelder |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Frauenfelder |date=November 21, 2000 |title=The next generation of online encyclopedias |publisher=[[The Industry Standard]]/[[CNN]] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040814034109/http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html |archive-date=August 14, 2004}} </ref>.

Loyiha boshidanoq Nupedia bepul kontent ensiklopediyasi hisoblangan<ref name="Liane Gouthro"/>. Bomis kompaniyasi Nupedia.com saytidagi onlayn reklamalardan daromad olishni maqsad qilgan edi<ref name="idg"/>. Dastlab loyiha mahalliy litsenziya „Nupedia Open Content License“dan foydalangan. 2001-yil yanvar oyida [[Richard Stallman]] va „Free Software Foundation“ taklifi bilan Nupedia „GNU Free Documentation License“ga oʻtdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&cid=502603|sarlavha=Re:GNUPedia = Nupedia?|muallif=jwales|ish=GNUPedia Project Starting|nashriyot=Slashdot|sana=January 17, 2001|kirish sanasi=May 25, 2008|arxivsana=June 26, 2013|arxivurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HfDZR7B2?url=http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990}}</ref>. Shuningdek, 2001-yilning yanvar oyida Nupedia [[Vikipediya|Vikipediyani]] qoʻshimcha loyiha sifatida boshladi, bu esa oʻzaro koʻrib chiqish jarayoniga kirishdan oldin maqolalar ustida hamkorlik qilish imkonini beradi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Larry Sanger |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=January 10, 2001 |title=Let's make a wiki |work=Nupedia-l mailing list |publisher=Internet Archive |url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archive-date=April 14, 2003}}</ref>. Keyinchalik, Vikipediya rivojlanib, koʻproq ishtirokchilarni oʻziga jalb qila boshladi va Nupediadan mustaqil ishlay boshladi. Sanger dastlab Nupedia bosh muharriri sifatidagi lavozimi tufayli Vikipediyani boshqargan.

GNE loyihasining toʻxtatilishi natijasida Vikipediya va Nupediya loyihalari ham asta-sekinlik bilan toʻxtatildi. Oʻsha paytda internet iqtisodiyotining qulashi tufayli Jimmy Wales 2001-yil dekabr oyida dasturda qatnashayotgan muharrirlarni moliyalashtirishni toʻxtatishga qaror qildi<ref name="hive"/>. Buning natijasida Sanger koʻp oʻtmay ikkala loyihadan ham ketdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Sanger|ism=Larry|sarlavha=My Resignation|url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-March/001603.html|ish=Wikipedia-L|nashriyot=Bomis, Inc|kirish sanasi=24 December 2019|arxivsana=24 December 2019|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224171427/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-March/001603.html}}</ref>. Sanger ketganidan soʻng, Nupedia butkul harakatsiz loyihaga aylanib qoldi. Nupedia harakatsizlikka aylanganligi sababli, uni tasdiqlangan Vikipediya maqolalarining barqaror versiyasiga aylantirish gʻoyasi vaqti-vaqti bilan ilgari surildi, lekin bu ish hech qachon amalga oshirilmadi. Nupedia serveri keyinchalik 2003-yil sentyabr oyida ishdan chiqdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc/chapter-1.html|sarlavha=1 Nazis and Norms|ish=reagle.org|kirish sanasi=2020-04-25|arxivsana=2020-04-30|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430193909/https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc/chapter-1.html}}</ref>{{Sfn|Reagle}}.Shundan soʻng, Nupedia ensiklopedik mazmuni Vikipediyaga assimilyatsiya qilingan<ref name="johnkwaters">Waters 2010, pp. 179-180</ref>.

== Tahririyat jarayoni ==
[[Fayl:Nupedia_article_example.png|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nupedia_article_example.png/220px-Nupedia_article_example.png|thumb| klassik musiqa davriga oid Nupedia maqolasiga misol.]]
Nupedia yetti bosqichli tahrirlash jarayoniga ega boʻlgan. Ular quyidagilardan iborat:

# Topshiriq
# Yetakchi sharhlovchini topish
# Yetakchi koʻrib chiqish
# Ochiq sharh
# Nusxa koʻchirish boʻyicha yetakchi
# Nusxa tahrirlashni ochish
# Yakuniy tasdiqlash va belgilash

Nupedia loyihasida mualliflardan ekspert bilimiga ega boʻlishi talab qilingan (garchi ekspert taʼrifi maʼlum darajada moslashuvchanlikni taʼminlagan boʻlsa-da. Baʼzi maqolalarni oʻz-''oʻzidan'' mutaxassis emas, yaxshi yozuvchi kishilar yozishi mumkinligi eʼtirof etilgan edi)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Nupedia.com Editorial Policy Guidelines (Version 3.31)|sana=November 16, 2000|ish=Nupedia|url=http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331211742/http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml|arxivsana=March 31, 2001|kirish sanasi=June 3, 2010|iqtibos=The rule of thumb an editor should bear in mind is: would an article on this topic be of significantly greater quality if it were written by an expert on the subject? If yes, we will require that the writer be an expert on the subject. If no, nonspecialists (who are good writers) are more than welcome.}}</ref>. Tahrirchilar tomonidan maʼqullangan maqolalargina nashrga berilgan. Maqolalarni Nupediada nashr qilish uchun mualliflar „oʻz sohalarida haqiqiy mutaxassislar boʻlishlari va (bir nechta istisnolardan tashqari) fan nomzodi ilmiy darajasiga ega boʻlishlari“ talab qilingan<ref name="NupediaEditor">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=How to be an editor or peer reviewer for Nupedia|ish=Nupedia|url=http://www.nupedia.com/steering.shtml|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010410035607/http://www.nupedia.com/steering.shtml|arxivsana=April 10, 2001|kirish sanasi=June 3, 2010}}</ref>.

== Yana qarang ==
* [[Onlayn ensiklopediyalar ro'yxati]]
* [[Wikilar ro'yxati]]
* [[Scholarpedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia § Maqolalar Vikipediyaga koʻchirildi]]

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}
== Havolalar ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.nupedia.com/ Nupedia-ning oldingi versiyalari] (Internet arxividan)
* [https://nupedia.fandom.com Nupedia]{{Oʻlikhavola|date=yanvar 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} — Fandomda Nupedia jonlandi

[[Turkum:2003]]