Tarvuz sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

[[Fayl:Citrullus_lanatus_var._citroides.JPG|thumb| [[Kalahari|Kalahari cho'lidagi]] ''tsamma'']]
[[Fayl:Citrullus_lanatus_afghan_melon.jpg|thumb|Avstraliyada mdaniylashtirilgan]]
'''Tarvuz''' ( ''Citrullus lanatus'' ) - [[Qovoqdoshlar]] oilasiga mansub [[Gulli oʻsimliklar|gulli o'simlik]] turi. Tok (uzum) o'simligiga o'xshash poyasi mavjud. Bu butun dunyo bo'ylab 1000 dan ortiq navlarga ega bo'lgan hammabop poliz mahsuloti.

Tarvuz butun dunyo bo'ylab - [[Tropik mintaqalar|tropikdan]] [[Moʻʼtadil iqlim|mo'tadil]] mintaqalargacha bo'lgan qulay iqlim sharoitida o'zining katta yeyiladigan mevasi uchun o'stiriladi: bu qattiq qobig'i va ichki bo'linmalari bo'lmagan rezavor meva. Shirin, suvli, eti odatda to'q qizildan pushti ranggacha, ko'plab qora urug'lar bilan, ba'zida ''urug'siz'' navlari ham mavjud. Mevani xom yoki tuzlangan holda iste'mol qilish mumkin. Shuningdek, u sharbat yoki ichimliklar tarkibiga aralashtirib ham iste'mol qilinishi mumkin.

[[Sudan]]dagi ''Kordofan qovunlari'' bilan bir turga mansub, bugungi kunda  yetishtirilgan tarvuzlarning avlodlari bo'lishi mumkin<ref name="renner21">{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Renner|first1=Susanne S.|last2=Wu|first2=Shan|last3=Pérez-Escobar|first3=Oscar A.|last4=Silber|first4=Martina V.|last5=Fei|first5=Zhangjun|last6=Chomicki|first6=Guillaume|title=A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=23|date=2021-05-24|issn=0027-8424|page=e2101486118|pmid=34031154|bibcode=2021PNAS..11801486R|seperator=}}</ref>. Yovvoyi tarvuz urug'lari [[Liviya]]dagi Uan Muxuggiagda topilgan bo'lib, u taxminan miloddan avvalgi 3500 yilga to'g'ri keladi<ref name="VegHist">{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Wasylikowa|first1=Krystyna|last2=van der Veen|first2=Marijke|title=An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.)|journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany|date=2004|volume=13|issue=4|pages=213–217|jstor=23419585|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585|access-date=14 December 2020|issn=0939-6314|archivedate=24 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324002832/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585|seperator=}}</ref>. Tarvuzlar Shimoliy-Sharqiy Afrikada madaniylashtirildi va miloddan avvalgi 2000-yilga kelib [[Misr]]da yetishtirildi. Ular hozirgi shirin tarvuzlardan farq qilgan. Biz bugungi kunda iste'mol qiladigan tarvuzlar [[Qadimgi Rim|Rim davrida]] O'rta yer dengizi dunyosida tarqalgan<ref name="Paris">{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Paris|first1=Harry S.|title=Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, ''Citrullus lanatus''|journal=Annals of Botany|date=August 2015|volume=116|issue=2|pages=133–148|pmid=26141130|seperator=}}</ref>.

Katta hosil olish doirasidagi ishlar turli kasallikka chidamli navlarni yaratdi. Polizchilik hohasida ekilganidan keyin 100 kun ichida yetilgan meva beradigan ko'plab [[nav]]lar mavjud. 2017-yilda Xitoy dunyodagi jami tarvuzning uchdan ikki qismini yetishtirgan.

== Tarix ==
[[Fayl:Albert_Eckhout_1610-1666_Brazilian_fruits.jpg|thumb|253x253px| <nowiki>XVII</nowiki> asrda Braziliyada faoliyat yuritgan golland rassom '''Albert Ekxout'''ningi  ''tarvuz, ananas va boshqa mevalar bilan ishlagan natyurmorti.'']]
[[Fayl:Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._27,_page_018_-_西瓜_-_Citrullus_lanatus_(Thunb.)_Matsum._&_Nakai_-_Cucurbita_maxima_Duchesne,_1804.jpg|thumb|'''Seikei Zusetsu''' yapon qishloq xo'jaligi ensiklopediyasidan olingan rasm (1804)]]
Tarvuzlar dastlab suv miqdori yuqori bo'lganligi uchun yetishtirilgan va quruq mavsumlarda nafaqat oziq-ovqat manbai, balki suv zaxirasi sifatida ham iste'mol qilinga. Tarvuz urug'lari [[Oʻlik dengiz|O'lik dengiz]] hududida, qadimgi Bab-edh-Dhra va Tel Aradning aholi istiqomad qiladigan hududlarida topilgan<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |last=Amar |first=Zohar |title=Arabian Drugs in Medieval Mediterranean Medicine |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 |accessdate=26 August 2019 |isbn=9781474413183 |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>.

5000 yillik yovvoyi tarvuz urug'lari ( ''C.lanatus'' ) [[Liviya]]ning janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan tarixiy arxeologik joy Uan Muhuggiagda topilgan. Ushbu arxeobotanik kashfiyot o'simlikning o'tmishda keng tarqalgani tasdiqlashi mumkin<ref name=":0">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Strauss |ism=Mark |sana=2015-08-21 |sarlavha=The 5,000-Year Secret History of the Watermelon |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/08/150821-watermelon-fruit-history-agriculture/ |qaralgan sana=2020-10-15 |ish=National Geographic News |til=en |arxivsana=2020-10-16 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016013417/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/08/150821-watermelon-fruit-history-agriculture/}}</ref>.

== Turlari ==
Bir qator nav guruhlari aniqlangan:<ref name="MMPND">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Porcher, Michel H. |sarlavha=Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database |ish=Sorting Citrullus names |url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrullus.html#lanatus-vulgaris-gr |qaralgan sana=17 October 2013 |arxivsana=12 December 2011 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212074925/http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrullus.html#lanatus-vulgaris-gr}}</ref>

== Foydalanish ==

=== Pazandachilik ===
Tarvuz yozda tez-tez iste'mol qilinadigan meva bo'lib, odatda bo'laklar shaklida, aralash mevali salatlarda yoki sharbat ko'rinishida iste'mol qilinadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Watermelon |url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/watermelon/ |nashriyot=g Marketing Resource Center, US Department of Agriculture, Iowa State University |qaralgan sana=9 May 2017 |sana=2017 |arxivsana=30 July 2017 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730193926/http://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/watermelon}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Top 10 ways to enjoy watermelon |url=http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/top-10-ways-to-enjoy-watermelon |nashriyot=Produce for Better Health Foundation, Centers for Disease Control, US National Institutes of Health |qaralgan sana=9 May 2017 |sana=2017 |arxivsana=29 July 2017 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729190952/http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/top-10-ways-to-enjoy-watermelon}}</ref>. Tarvuz sharbatini boshqa meva sharbatlari bilan aralashtirish yoki [[sharob]] tayyorlash mumkin<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|year=2015|last=Ogodo|first1=A. C.|title=Production of mixed fruit (pawpaw, banana and watermelon) wine using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine|journal=SpringerPlus|volume=4|page=683|last2=Ugbogu|first2=O. C.|last3=Ugbogu|first3=A. E.|last4=Ezeonu|first4=C. S.|pmid=26576326|seperator=}}</ref>.

Urug'lari yong'oq ta'miga ega. Quritilishi va qovurilishi yoki maydalanishi mumkin<ref name="SANBI">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai |nashriyot=South Africa National Biodiversity Institute |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/citrullanat.htm |qaralgan sana=4 October 2014 |arxivsana=24 September 2015 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074427/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/citrullanat.htm}}</ref>. Tarvuz p'stlog'ini iste'mol qilish mumkin, ammo ularning yoqimsiz ta'mini tuzlash orqali bartaraf etish mumkin<ref name="Wehner2008">{{Kitob manbasi |last=Todd C. Wehner |title=Vegetables I |url=https://archive.org/details/vegetables0000unse_l8i3 |chapter=Watermelon |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/vegetables0000unse_l8i3/page/381 381]–418 |editor=Jaime Prohens and Fernando Nuez |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_12 |series=Handbook of Plant Breeding |isbn=978-0-387-72291-7}}</ref>.  Ba'zi hududlarda [[sabzavot]] sifatida qovurib iste'mol qilinadi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |last=Bryant Terry |title=Vegan Soul Kitchen: Fresh, Healthy, and Creative African-American Cuisine |url=https://archive.org/details/vegansoulkitchen00terr |year=2009 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-7867-4503-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/vegansoulkitchen00terr/page/46 46]}}</ref>.

=== Yetishtirish ===
2020 yilda global tarvuz ishlab chiqarish 101,6 million [[Tonna (oʻlchov birligi)|tonnani]] tashkil etdi. Xitoy (materik) tarvuzlari umumiy hosilning 60 foizini (60,1 million tonna) tashkil etdi. Ikkilamchi hosildorlar qatoriga [[Turkiya]], [[Hindiston]], [[Eron]], [[Jazoir]] va [[Braziliya]] kirdi {{En dash}} ularning barchasi 2020-yilda yillik hosilning 2-3 million tonnasini yetishtirdi.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:19em;"
|+
! colspan="2" |Tarvuz ishlab chiqarish, 2020-yil<small><br /></small>{{Center|(millions of tonnes)}}
|-
|{{Center|{{CHN}}}}
| style="text-align:right;" |{{Center|60.1}}
|-
|{{Center|{{TUR}}}}
| style="text-align:right;" |{{Center|3.49}}
|-
|{{Center|{{IND}}}}
| style="text-align:right;" |{{Center|2.79}}
|-
|{{Center|{{IRN}}}}
| style="text-align:right;" |{{Center|2.74}}
|-
|{{Center|{{ALG}}}}
| style="text-align:right;" |{{Center|2.29}}
|-
|{{Center|{{BRA}}}}
| style="text-align:right;" |{{Center|2.18}}
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|'''Jami (butub dunyo)'''
| style="text-align:right;" |{{Center|'''101.6'''}}
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>Manba: [[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti]]ning FAOSTAT</small> <ref name="fao21">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Watermelon production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists) |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data |ish=FAOSTAT |nashriyot=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database |qaralgan sana=20 January 2022 |arxivsana=12 November 2016 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data}}</ref>
|}
[[Fayl:China_production_of_watermelons_from_1961_to_2020.svg|alt=China production of watermelons from 1961 to 2020|thumb| 1961-yildan 2020-yilgacha Xitoyda tarvuz yetishtirish. Manba: [[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti]]ning FAOSTAT .]]

== Manbalar ==
{{Manbalar}}

== Qo'shimcha adabiyotlar ==

* Dube, J., G. Ddamulira va M. Maphosa. "Afrikada tarvuz ishlab chiqarish: muammolar va imkoniyatlar". ''Sabzavot fanlari xalqaro jurnali'' 27.3 (2021): 211-219. [http://ir.lsu.ac.zw/bitstream/123456789/535/1/Dube_J....et%20al.pdf onlayn] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826002321/http://ir.lsu.ac.zw/bitstream/123456789/535/1/Dube_J....et%20al.pdf |date=2023-08-26 }}
* Maoto, Makaepea M., Daniso Besva va Afam IO Jideani. "Tarvuz potentsial mevali gazak sifatida." ''Oziq-ovqat xususiyatlarining xalqaro jurnali'' 22.1 (2019): 355-370. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10942912.2019.1584212 onlayn]
* Tabiri, Betti va boshqalar. "Tarvuz urug'lari oziq-ovqat sifatida: ozuqa tarkibi, fitokimyoviy moddalar va antioksidant faollik." (2016). [https://www.academia.edu/download/69446648/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20160502.18.pdf onlayn]{{Oʻlikhavola|date=oktabr 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Tashqi manbalar ==

* [https://www.watermelon.org/ Watermelon.org] AQSH Milliy tarvuzni targʻib qilish kengashidan

[[Turkum:Tarvuz navlari]]
[[Turkum:Qovoqdoshlar]]
[[Turkum:Poliz ekinlari]]
[[Turkum:Flora]]
[[Turkum:Botanika]]